My travel clinic fields a lot of questions about mosquito borne diseases, the most popular of which are obviously malaria and dengue fever, but one very few people are aware of is Zika disease. This article is here to give you all the information you need to know.
Zika virus (ZIKV) was first identifed in April 1947 in Uganda, but the first report of human ZIKV infection occurred in 1964, so despite some statements that this is a ‘new’ mosquito borne disease, it isn’t.
Zika is prevalent throughout much of Africa, including Nigeria, Central African Republic, Egypt, Gabon, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda, but isn’t isolated to Africa alone. Much of Asia, India, Central and South America, the Caribbean and Oceania have reports of the disease too.
What is Zika virus?
Zika virus is spread by the aedes species of mosquito including the Aedes aegypti mosquito which predominantly bites during the day, and is related to dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever and West Nile virus.
The illness is similar to dengue fever and is generally mild, often lasting for up to a week at most. The incubation period is usually between 3-12 days.
There is a link between Zika virus and birth defects, most notably microcephaly, and it is recommended that pregnant women are extra vigilant or avoid travelling to the region affected.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of Zika virus are very generalised and common in many other ilnesses too, including dengue fever and malaria, which can make it difficult to diagnose without tests. They are often not very severe and can last up to a week. Hospitalisation is very uncommon and deaths are very rare. Common symptoms include:
- Headache.
- Conjunctivitis.
- Rash.
- Myalgia, (muscle pain).
- Arthralgia, (joint pain).
Less common symptoms include:
- Diarrhoea.
- Constipation.
- Abdominal cramps.
- Dizziness.
It is important to remember that for the vast majority of people the symptoms will be very mild and will pass relatively quickly. The big risk is for pregnant women as there is a lot of evidence that it is a significant risk factor that can cause birth defects.
Zika and pregnancy.
There is significant evidence that Zika virus is a primary cause of birth defects in newborns, specifically microcephaly (abnormal brain development and head size) or congenital Zika syndrome.
It is strongly advised that all pregnant women consider postponing areas of high or moderate risk of zika virus until after birth. If travel is unavoidable then you should take extra bite prevention precautions.
It is also important that if you are in – or have returned recently from – an area that is at risk of Zika then you are strict with protection while having sex, and that includes all forms, as Zika can be transmitted sexually too.
Diagnosis and treatment.
Michael Huxley is a published author, freelance travel writer and founder of Bemused Backpacker. He is also a charge nurse by vocation with an interest in emergency nursing and travel medicine, but his real passion is travel. Since finding his wanderlust a decade ago in South East Asia, he has bounced from one end of the planet to another and has no intention of slowing down.
Thanks for that information, am travelling in central America next week and wondering about this
I’m happy it helped Samantha. Make sure you check out my page on mosquito bite prevention and have a great trip!
Thank you for this, it’s really refreshing to see some common sense, qualified advice on the subject instead of all the scaremongering in the media.
That’s what I’m hear for Xanthia! 😀 Thanks for the comment.
Excellent resource, thank you.
Thank you very much, glad you found it useful. 🙂